Planning to set up a factory in Vietnam? Choosing the right industrial park affects how quickly you can start production and what it costs to operate.
A park near a major port may suit an exporter, while a location within an established manufacturing cluster may offer better access to suppliers and skilled workers. The right choice depends on your production requirements, not just the rental price.
In this article, we will walk you through the main industrial park locations in Vietnam, how to compare facilities and leasing costs, the available tax incentives, and the steps to establish your factory.
What Is an Industrial Park in Vietnam?
An industrial park, also known as an industrial zone (khu công nghiệp), is a designated area developed for manufacturing and related business activities.
Industrial parks are established and regulated under Decree No. 35/2022/ND-CP. The park's infrastructure developer prepares the land, builds shared facilities, and leases industrial plots or factory buildings to manufacturers.
Most established parks provide:
- Industrial land for custom-built factories
- Ready-built factories and warehouses
- Internal roads and transport access
- Electricity, water, and telecommunications
- Centralised wastewater treatment
- Fire safety infrastructure
- Maintenance and park management services
These facilities reduce the amount of infrastructure a manufacturer needs to develop independently. However, their capacity and suitability vary considerably between parks.
For example, an electronics assembler may only need a ready-built factory with a stable power supply. A pharmaceutical manufacturer may require specialised production areas, while a food-processing facility needs utilities and wastewater treatment suitable for its production process.
Before choosing a park, confirm that its approved industries and infrastructure can support your planned operations.
Where Should You Locate Your Factory in Vietnam?
Vietnam's main manufacturing clusters are concentrated in the north and south, while central Vietnam offers alternatives for companies needing larger sites or access to particular ports and industrial supply chains.
The best region depends on where your materials come from, where your customers are located, and the workforce your production requires.
Northern Vietnam: Electronics and Precision Manufacturing
Northern Vietnam has developed into a major manufacturing base for electronics, electrical equipment, components, and precision engineering.
Its proximity to China is particularly useful for manufacturers sourcing components across the border. The region also provides access to established industrial suppliers and export routes through Hai Phong.
The main industrial locations include:
- Bac Ninh: electronics, components, supporting industries, and precision manufacturing
- Hai Phong: export manufacturing, logistics, assembly, and port-linked industries
- Hanoi: high-tech manufacturing, research, and development
- Quang Ninh: port-linked manufacturing and industrial investment
- Hung Yen: manufacturing and logistics near Hanoi
The 2025 administrative reorganisation changed some provincial boundaries. Bac Ninh now includes the former Bac Giang province, while Hai Phong includes the former Hai Duong province.
For companies following a China Plus One strategy, northern Vietnam is often a practical starting point because of its established supply chains and cross-border logistics.
If you are considering relocating production, our article on moving manufacturing from China to Vietnam examines the wider cost, supply chain, and trade considerations.
Central Vietnam: Automotive and Port-Linked Manufacturing
Central Vietnam has a smaller manufacturing base than the north or south, but it offers opportunities for projects needing larger sites and access to coastal logistics infrastructure.
Da Nang, which now includes the former Quang Nam province, is one of the main locations to consider. The Chu Lai industrial cluster has an established automotive and mechanical manufacturing ecosystem.
Central Vietnam can suit companies producing automotive components, industrial equipment, or products that benefit from access to both northern and southern markets.
However, supplier availability and the pool of specialised workers may be more limited for certain industries. These should be assessed before committing to a large manufacturing project.
Southern Vietnam: Consumer Goods and General Manufacturing
Southern Vietnam has one of the country's most established and diversified manufacturing bases.
The region supports industries ranging from furniture and garments to food processing, packaging, chemicals, and electronics assembly.
The main industrial locations include:
- Ho Chi Minh City: manufacturing, supporting industries, logistics, and high-tech production
- Dong Nai: industrial production, machinery, components, and consumer goods
- Tay Ninh: industrial expansion and more competitively priced land in selected locations
Following the July 2025 administrative changes, Ho Chi Minh City includes the former Binh Duong and Ba Ria-Vung Tau provinces.
This means many industrial parks historically described as being in Binh Duong are now administratively part of Ho Chi Minh City.
Southern Vietnam is particularly suitable for manufacturers that need access to an established workforce, a broad supplier base, and the region's major ports.
Leading Industrial Parks in Vietnam
Vietnam has hundreds of industrial parks, but they are not interchangeable. Some are designed for advanced technology, while others accommodate a much broader range of manufacturing activities.
The following are established locations worth considering when comparing industrial parks in Vietnam. Actual land and factory availability must be confirmed with each developer.
1. DEEP C Industrial Zones, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh
DEEP C operates industrial zones in northern Vietnam, with a strong focus on port-linked manufacturing and logistics.
Its sites benefit from access to Hai Phong's port infrastructure, including the Lach Huyen deep-water port, and transport links to Hanoi and the Chinese border.
DEEP C is worth considering for manufacturers that regularly import materials or export finished products. It can also suit businesses requiring larger industrial plots or purpose-built facilities.
The main advantages include:
- Access to international shipping routes
- Connections to northern manufacturing supply chains
- Industrial land for custom-built facilities
- Shared infrastructure and utility services
However, incentives and operating conditions differ by site. Some locations are within economic zones, while others may fall under separate industrial or free trade zone arrangements.
Confirm the legal status of the specific plot before including any investment incentive in your financial projections.
2. Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Bac Ninh
VSIP Bac Ninh I is an established industrial park near Hanoi. It is part of the wider Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park network.
The park has attracted manufacturers involved in electronics, components, high-tech manufacturing, and supporting industries.
Its location provides access to Hanoi's workforce, nearby suppliers, airports, and the transport network connecting northern Vietnam to Hai Phong.
VSIP Bac Ninh is particularly relevant for companies seeking to operate within an established electronics manufacturing cluster.
However, VSIP Bac Ninh I is listed by its developer as fully occupied. Manufacturers interested in this area should therefore compare other VSIP developments and industrial parks in Bac Ninh rather than assume land is available at the original site.
3. Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park, Hanoi
Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park is a dedicated high-tech development area west of central Hanoi.
It focuses on high-tech manufacturing, research and development, technology transfer, and innovation.
Hoa Lac can be suitable for projects combining manufacturing with technical development, especially where access to engineers and research institutions is important.
Potential activities include advanced electronics, automation, biotechnology, and other qualifying high-technology industries.
However, Hoa Lac is not intended for every type of manufacturing project. Investors must satisfy the relevant high-tech admission requirements.
Qualifying projects can access preferential investment policies under Vietnam's high-technology and corporate income tax framework, together with the applicable Hanoi regulations.
4. Chu Lai Open Economic Zone, Da Nang
Chu Lai Open Economic Zone is a large coastal development area in the former Quang Nam province, now part of Da Nang.
It contains several industrial parks, including North Chu Lai, Tam Hiep, Tam Thang, and the Chu Lai-Truong Hai Industrial Park.
The area has an established automotive manufacturing cluster associated with THACO. This makes it relevant to companies producing automotive components, mechanical equipment, and related industrial products.
Chu Lai also offers access to coastal transport infrastructure and land suitable for larger manufacturing developments.
However, the economic zone contains several separate industrial locations. Investors should compare the individual parks rather than treat Chu Lai as a single site.
The choice will depend on available land, infrastructure, approved industries, and the specific investment incentives attached to the project.
5. Saigon Hi-Tech Park, Ho Chi Minh City
Saigon Hi-Tech Park is a dedicated high-tech development area in eastern Ho Chi Minh City.
It focuses on advanced manufacturing, technology development, and research-intensive investment. Priority industries include:
- Microelectronics and semiconductors
- Information technology and telecommunications
- Precision engineering and automation
- Biotechnology
- Advanced materials
The park benefits from access to Ho Chi Minh City's universities, engineers, and established business infrastructure.
However, companies cannot qualify for its high-tech incentives simply by leasing space there. The investment must satisfy the applicable admission and technology requirements.
A conventional furniture, packaging, or consumer-goods factory may therefore find a standard industrial park more appropriate.
6. Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park I, Ho Chi Minh City
VSIP I is the original Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, located in the former Binh Duong province.
It is part of a broader network of industrial parks developed through Vietnamese and Singaporean investment.
Unlike dedicated high-tech parks, VSIP developments accommodate a wider range of industrial activities, although eligibility depends on the specific park and approved land use.
For manufacturers, the main attractions are established infrastructure, access to industrial labour, and connections to the southern manufacturing and logistics network.
VSIP can be worth comparing for electronics assembly, consumer goods, packaging, and supporting-industry operations, depending on space availability.
However, an ordinary industrial park does not automatically provide a preferential corporate income tax rate. The project's activity and location determine whether it qualifies for tax incentives.
7. Amata City Bien Hoa, Dong Nai
Amata City Bien Hoa is one of Dong Nai's established industrial estates. It has a broad manufacturing base and is connected to the wider Ho Chi Minh City industrial region.
Its industries include electronics, machinery, components, food and beverage production, garments, and other general manufacturing activities.
The park provides developed infrastructure, including power, water, roads, and centralised wastewater treatment. It also has established industrial tenants and supporting services.
Amata is particularly relevant to manufacturers seeking access to existing southern supply chains rather than developing an entirely new industrial location.
However, it is a mature park with a limited remaining land-use term compared with newer developments. Investors should check the expiry date, available facilities, and remaining lease period carefully before committing.
Types of Industrial Parks and Economic Zones in Vietnam
Beyond geography, Vietnam has several types of industrial areas. The classification affects which projects can enter, the applicable procedures, and potentially the incentives available.
| Type | Main characteristics | Suitable projects |
|---|---|---|
| Standard industrial park | General manufacturing area with shared infrastructure and industrial land or factories for lease | Assembly, processing, consumer goods, and general manufacturing |
| Specialised industrial park | Focuses on a particular industry or supply chain, with at least 60% of industrial land allocated to the relevant activities | Manufacturers requiring specialised suppliers or industry-specific facilities |
| Supporting-industry park | Focuses on components, materials, and supporting production for other manufacturers | Electronics, automotive, and machinery suppliers |
| Hi-tech industrial park | Allocates at least 30% of industrial land to qualifying high-tech and related projects | Advanced manufacturing, technology transfer, and R&D |
| Eco-industrial park | Promotes resource efficiency, cleaner production, and cooperation between industrial tenants | Manufacturers prioritising environmental performance and efficient resource use |
| Export-processing zone | A designated area for export-oriented production under the applicable customs framework | Export manufacturers with qualifying customs arrangements |
| Hi-tech park | A separately regulated area focused on high-tech development, research, and production | Qualifying technology companies and research-intensive manufacturers |
| Economic zone | A larger development area that may contain industrial parks, ports, logistics facilities, and other activities | Large manufacturing, logistics, and port-linked investments |
An economic zone can contain several industrial parks. In that situation, your company may lease a plot from an industrial park developer while also being subject to the broader economic zone's investment framework.
The classification alone does not guarantee a tax benefit. You must also confirm the project's specific activity, location, and eligibility conditions.
Tax Incentives for Industrial Park Projects in Vietnam
Tax incentives can affect the economics of a manufacturing investment, but not every industrial park offers the same treatment.
Under the 2025 Corporate Income Tax Law, ordinary industrial parks no longer automatically qualify new projects for preferential corporate income tax solely because they are industrial parks.
Vietnam's standard corporate income tax rate is 20%. Lower general rates of 15% and 17% are available to certain qualifying smaller enterprises, while separate preferential rates apply to eligible investment projects.
For manufacturing investments, the main location-related incentive categories are:
| Project location | Potential corporate income tax treatment | Potential exemption and reduction |
|---|---|---|
| Ordinary industrial park without another qualifying condition | Standard rate, generally 20% | No incentive solely for being inside the park |
| Qualifying project in a hi-tech park | 10% for 15 years | Up to 4 years' exemption, followed by a 50% reduction for up to 9 years |
| New project in an economic zone located in an eligible disadvantaged or especially disadvantaged area | 10% for 15 years, subject to geographical eligibility | Up to 4 years' exemption, followed by a 50% reduction for up to 9 years |
| New project in an economic zone outside those eligible areas | 17% for 10 years | Up to 2 years' exemption, followed by a 50% reduction for up to 4 years |
These are potential benefits for qualifying projects, not automatic rates for every tenant. The relevant geographical classification, eligible income, and other statutory conditions must be checked before the project is registered.
Projects can also qualify for tax incentives in Vietnam based on their industry or technology, even where the industrial park itself does not provide a location-based benefit.
What About Existing Projects?
A project that received incentives under an earlier framework may have transitional rights to continue using them.
However, the treatment depends on the original approval, applicable transitional provisions, and the project's circumstances. Do not assume that every new tenant in the same park receives the incentives granted to companies that invested there several years earlier.
Before signing a lease, we recommend confirming the incentive position of your particular investment rather than relying on rates advertised for the industrial park generally.
Leasing Industrial Land or a Ready-Built Factory in Vietnam
Foreign-invested manufacturers generally do not purchase industrial land outright in Vietnam. Instead, they operate through permitted land-use and leasing arrangements.
Inside an industrial park, the usual options are to sublease an industrial plot from the infrastructure developer or lease an existing factory building.
The better option depends on the scale and technical needs of your manufacturing operation.
Industrial Land vs. Ready-Built Factories
Leasing industrial land gives you greater control over the design of your factory. This is useful where production requires specialised equipment, unusual floor loading, large utilities, or space for future expansion.
However, it also means budgeting for construction, building systems, technical design, and the applicable approvals.
Leasing a ready-built factory is generally faster. The building already exists, so your main task is confirming whether it can accommodate your production equipment and operating requirements.
A ready-built facility may be sufficient for light manufacturing or assembly, but it can be unsuitable for operations needing heavy machinery, high electrical loads, or specialised wastewater treatment.
Industrial Land and Factory Rental Costs in 2026
According to Cushman & Wakefield's Q2 2026 industrial market reports, average asking rents were:
| Market | Industrial land | Ready-built factory | Industrial land occupancy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Vietnam | USD 137.7/sqm/lease term | USD 5.0/sqm/month | 64% |
| Southern Vietnam | USD 186.4/sqm/lease term | USD 4.9/sqm/month | 76.3% |
Source: Cushman & Wakefield, Q2 2026. Figures are regional market averages, not quotations for individual parks.
Industrial land rents are generally quoted per square metre for the applicable lease term. Ready-built factory rents are quoted per square metre per month.
The figures are therefore not directly comparable.
A land lease may appear cheaper on a per-square-metre basis, but the company also bears the cost of developing its own factory. A ready-built factory has recurring rent but usually requires less upfront construction expenditure.
The advertised price may also exclude management fees, utilities, service charges, value-added tax, and other costs.
How Long Can You Lease Industrial Land?
The lease period depends on the remaining term of the developer's land-use rights and the duration approved for the investment project.
Under Vietnam's 2025 Law on Investment, projects outside economic zones are generally limited to 50 years. Projects within economic zones can have terms of up to 70 years, while certain qualifying investments outside economic zones may also be eligible for longer terms.
However, those are legal limits for investment projects, not guaranteed lease terms for tenants.
If a park was developed many years ago, the remaining term of its land-use rights may be much shorter. A new investor cannot assume they will receive a fresh 50-year lease.
What Should You Check Before Signing?
Before committing to a site, confirm the following:
- Land-use term: the exact remaining lease period and what happens when it expires.
- Permitted activities: whether the park and the selected plot allow your manufacturing process.
- Electricity: available capacity, reliability, and the cost or timeline of upgrades.
- Water and wastewater: whether the infrastructure can handle your expected consumption and discharge.
- Fire safety: the building's existing systems and any additional requirements for your equipment.
- Transport access: suitability for trucks, containers, and the movement of raw materials.
- Lease costs: rent escalation, management fees, deposits, and other charges.
- Expansion: whether additional land or factory units may be available later.
A park can appear suitable in a commercial proposal but still be unable to support the actual production process.
For that reason, we recommend completing the technical and licensing checks before making a substantial non-refundable commitment.
How to Set Up a Factory in a Vietnam Industrial Park
Once you have selected a suitable location, you need to establish the legal structure and obtain the approvals required for your manufacturing activity.
Vietnam introduced changes to this process through the amended Investment Law, which took effect on 1 March 2026.
The law allows foreign investors to establish an enterprise before obtaining the Investment Registration Certificate. It also provides a special investment procedure for eligible projects in industrial parks and other designated areas.
The actual process depends on your project, the investment structure, and whether the special procedure is available.
1. Confirm the Site and Manufacturing Requirements
Start with a technical assessment of the shortlisted industrial park.
Your manufacturing requirements should cover the intended production process, required floor area, electricity and water consumption, wastewater, emissions, chemicals, and fire safety.
The developer should confirm that the park is permitted to host the activity and has the infrastructure capacity to support it.
This should happen before the company commits to a long-term lease.
2. Agree on the Site and Preliminary Lease Terms
Once a suitable plot or factory is identified, the investor and developer can enter into a reservation agreement, memorandum of understanding, or other preliminary arrangement.
This usually records the proposed site, rental terms, deposits, and conditions for proceeding.
The agreement can also provide evidence of the planned project location for the investment-registration process.
Make sure any payment or reservation obligation accounts for the necessary approvals. You do not want to commit substantial capital to a site that cannot obtain the approvals required for your manufacturing activity.
3. Establish the Investment Structure
Most foreign manufacturers use a Vietnamese limited liability company to operate their factory.
Where the activity is open to full foreign ownership, the company can generally be wholly foreign-owned.
The company becomes the local operating entity for the manufacturing project. It can employ staff, enter into contracts, import machinery, and conduct the activities authorised by its registrations and licences.
Vietnam's 2025 Investment Law allows foreign investors to establish the legal entity before completing investment-project registration, subject to the applicable procedures.
This creates more flexibility, but it does not remove the requirement to register qualifying foreign investment projects.
Our guide to setting up a manufacturing company in Vietnam covers the available structures, registration requirements, and wider process in more detail.
4. Obtain the IRC and ERC
Foreign manufacturers generally need two registrations.
The Investment Registration Certificate (IRC) records the investment project, including its activity, location, capital, and implementation schedule.
The Enterprise Registration Certificate (ERC) establishes the Vietnamese company as a legal entity.
Under the current framework, investors can use either an IRC-first or an eligible ERC-first sequence.
For a project located inside an industrial park or economic zone, the relevant management board normally handles the investment registration. Projects involving multiple jurisdictions or other special circumstances may fall under a different authority.
The correct sequence should be selected based on the project rather than assuming that every manufacturer follows the same registration route.
We can handle the company registration process in Vietnam, including coordinating the IRC, ERC, and related setup requirements.
5. Check Whether the Special Investment Procedure Applies
One of the main advantages introduced by the 2025 Investment Law is the special investment procedure available to certain projects in industrial parks and other designated zones.
Under Article 28, eligible investors can follow a simplified investment-registration process.
This can remove several conventional pre-approval procedures, including specified environmental impact assessment, construction permit, and fire-safety approval steps.
However, the simplified procedure is not automatically available to every factory.
The investor must qualify for the procedure and submit the required commitments to comply with environmental, construction, and fire-safety standards.
The project remains subject to technical requirements, construction notifications, inspections, and other obligations under the applicable framework.
Before planning construction, confirm whether your project follows the standard approval process or qualifies for the special procedure.
6. Open the Investment Capital Account and Contribute Capital
Once the company is established, it must arrange its banking and capital contributions.
A foreign-invested company will generally need a direct investment capital account with a licensed Vietnamese bank for the relevant foreign investment transactions.
For a limited liability company, the registered charter capital must generally be contributed within 90 days from the ERC issuance date, subject to the applicable rules.
The capital amount should be sufficient for the project and consistent with the investment structure submitted to the authorities.
7. Finalise the Lease and Facility Arrangements
Once the company and project have the necessary registrations, the parties can complete the definitive industrial land sublease or factory lease.
For custom-built facilities, this stage also involves confirming the construction design, infrastructure connections, and the parties' responsibilities for site preparation.
For ready-built factories, confirm the building's technical suitability and any alterations required before production begins.
8. Complete the Applicable Technical and Operational Requirements
The approvals and compliance work depend on your manufacturing process and the investment procedure being used.
Under the standard route, the project may require environmental procedures, construction approvals, fire-safety appraisal, and sector-specific licences.
Under the special investment procedure, some pre-approvals can be replaced with the required compliance commitments and technical documentation.
In either case, the factory must satisfy the applicable standards before the relevant activities begin.
A food-processing facility, chemical operation, or pharmaceutical factory may also require additional approvals related to its products and production processes.
These business licensing requirements in Vietnam should be checked against your specific manufacturing activity before construction or fit-out begins.
9. Prepare for Production
Before production begins, the company needs to complete its operational setup.
This includes accounting and tax registration, electronic invoicing, employment and payroll arrangements, and any customs procedures needed for importing machinery or raw materials.
The company must also establish its tax reporting processes, including the applicable filing and accounting requirements.
If you plan to bring foreign engineers or production managers into Vietnam, check the relevant work visa and work permit requirements before their intended start dates.
For planning purposes, a factory established in an existing ready-built facility may take around four to six months to become operational, depending on registration and technical requirements.
A custom-built factory commonly requires considerably longer. Allow around 12 to 18 months as an initial planning estimate, with more time for projects involving complex construction or environmental requirements.
These are project-planning estimates rather than statutory processing deadlines.
Setting Up a Factory in Vietnam with Emerhub
We help foreign investors assess industrial locations and establish manufacturing operations in Vietnam.
Our team can help you with:
- Evaluating shortlisted industrial parks against your production requirements
- Reviewing the investment structure and proposed lease arrangements
- Registering your Vietnamese company and coordinating investment approvals
- Handling the applicable business and operational registrations
- Accounting, tax, and ongoing compliance once the factory is operating
Whether you are leasing a ready-built factory or developing your own production facility, we can help you plan the setup around the requirements of your project.
Talk to our Vietnam team about your manufacturing investment.
Official Sources
- Law on Investment No. 143/2025/QH15, effective 1 March 2026
- Law on Corporate Income Tax No. 67/2025/QH15
- Decree No. 35/2022/ND-CP on Industrial Parks and Economic Zones
- Hanoi Capital Law No. 02/2026/QH16
- Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park: Investment Incentives
Market Data and Industrial Park References
Frequently asked questions
Can foreign investors lease industrial land in Vietnam?
Foreign investors can establish a Vietnamese company and enter into permitted industrial land leasing or subleasing arrangements.
In an industrial park, the company normally leases industrial land from the park's infrastructure developer or leases an existing factory building. The available rights and lease conditions depend on the project and the developer's underlying land-use rights.
What is the typical lease term for industrial land in Vietnam?
There is no single standard term. The lease depends on the approved project duration and the remaining land-use term available to the developer.
Investment projects outside economic zones are generally limited to 50 years, while projects inside economic zones can have terms of up to 70 years. Certain other qualifying investments may also be eligible for longer terms.
How much does industrial land cost in Vietnam?
In Q2 2026, Cushman & Wakefield reported average asking industrial land rents of approximately USD 137.7 per square metre per lease term in northern Vietnam and USD 186.4 in southern Vietnam.
Actual rents vary by industrial park, location, infrastructure, remaining lease term, and availability.
Should I lease industrial land or a ready-built factory?
A ready-built factory is usually the faster option if your production fits the building's existing specifications.
Industrial land is more suitable when you need a custom facility, specialised utilities, heavy machinery, or space for future expansion. However, it requires a larger initial investment in construction and approvals.
Do all industrial parks in Vietnam offer tax incentives?
An ordinary industrial park does not automatically qualify a new manufacturing project for a preferential corporate income tax rate under the 2025 Corporate Income Tax Law.
Incentives depend on the project's activity, eligible geographical location, and other statutory conditions. Hi-tech parks, certain economic zones, and qualifying encouraged sectors can still receive preferential treatment.
Which part of Vietnam is best for manufacturing?
Northern Vietnam is particularly strong in electronics, components, and precision manufacturing. Southern Vietnam has a broader established base for consumer goods, furniture, packaging, and general manufacturing.
Central Vietnam can suit automotive and port-linked manufacturing projects, especially where the investor needs larger facilities or access to particular coastal industrial clusters.
Can I set up a Vietnamese company before obtaining the IRC?
Vietnam's 2025 Law on Investment, effective from March 2026, allows foreign investors to establish a company before completing investment-registration procedures.
However, a qualifying manufacturing project still needs its required investment approvals before implementation. The correct registration sequence depends on the project.
How long does it take to set up a factory in Vietnam?
For a ready-built factory, an initial planning estimate is around four to six months, assuming the site is suitable and registration and approval procedures proceed without major delays.
A custom-built factory may take around 12 to 18 months or longer. The timeline depends on construction, utilities, environmental requirements, and sector-specific approvals.